Iraqi Journal of Natural Sciences and Nanotechnology

A theoretical investigation for bi-gap magnetic lenses distortion

Ashraf alattar — 2026-06-16

A theoretical computational analysis was carried out to determine whether it is possible to create bi-gap magnetic lenses that do not generate spinning and have the least amount of distortion possible. The gap thickness S and the aperture diameter D are two ideal geometric variables that are essential to the operation of a novel type of function. The variable irritation of the imaging field, denoted by NI, is fixed to make assessment of optical qualities easier. On the other hand, the variables S and D are essential for magnetic lens design, which enables the acquisition of images that demonstrate rotation. By selecting the appropriate settings for the ratios between the aperture of the lens and its gap, the distortion amount that occurs may be limited.

Efficiency of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers in differentiating anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) cultivars

Melath Kadhum — 2026-06-16

The objective of this research was to assess the genetic diversity and similarity of three varieties of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) by intergenic sequence markers (ISSR) technique. The experiment employed 10 randomly binding primers and yielded the amplification of 112 bands of DNA; out of these, 89 (79.46%) were found to be polymorphic. The results revealed that primer UBC 834 outperformed other primers in identifying genetic differences (92.86% polymorphism). Genetic distance estimation indicated high genetic similarity between varieties 1 and 3 (distance measure 0.16746), whereas variety 2 displayed marked genetic distance (distance measure 0.30927). The UPGMA tree joined varieties 1 and 3 to form a cluster at similarity value 83.25%, whereas each separate cultivar had identity values of 78.73% to be distinct. The experiment had the particularity to note 17 gene bands specific to each cultivar to form its distinct genetic fingerprint. The experiment marked success in identifying genetic differences among the three varieties of anise by employing the ISSR technique; it presented new approaches to preserve and improve genetic material.

Studying the Effect of the Geomagnetic Storm (Solar Cycle 24) On the Radio Wave Propagation Through the Ionosphere

Ali Hessean — 2026-06-16

Identifying the ionospheric parameters is one of the important topics in the field of communication support services. In this paper, the Maximum Usable Frequency at 3000 km of the F2 layer (identified as MUF(3000)F2) for high-frequency radio wave propagation has been studied according to its correlation with the Geomagnetic Activity represented by a factor called the Disturbance Solar Time (Dst). Only fifteen disturbed and quiet events of geomagnetic activity associated with the availability of hourly variation of MUF(3000) F2 for three ionosonde station sites have been selected. The three available sites of ionosonde stations are Eglin AFB (30.5° N, 273.45° W), San Vito (40.6° N, 17.8° E), and Dourbes (50.1° N, 4.6° E), and the hourly variations of MUF (3000) F2 were calculated during 2012–2016. The values of the correlation coefficient (CC) were higher and a positive correlation for disturbed events than for quiet events. Geographically, the correlation between the MUF(3000)F2 and the disturbance solar time (Dst) increases with increasing latitude from Eagle AFB to Dourbes. For Eagle AFB and San Vito stations, the values of CC equal (0.473842, -0.21695) for disturbed activity, which relate to positive and negative correlation, respectively. In contrast, for quiet activity, the values of cc equal (-0.36477, 0.15829), respectively. For the high-latitude station (Dourbes), for both disturbed and quiet activity, the correlation between the average value of MUF(3000)F2 and average Dst has a negative correlation (CC=-0.2626, 0.2718). Increasing geomagnetic activity has no significant effect on the average MUF(3000)F2 values. The main shortcomings of this study are the unavailability of the entire dataset and the MUF(3000)F2 related to geomagnetic disturbances, which is represented by the Dst, thereby affecting a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the above parameters.

Study the Effect of Anode on the Nanostructure of ZrO2 Prepared by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Technique Used in Biological Application

Ahmed Abed Anber — 2026-06-16

In this work, atmospheric pressure plasma jet system was designed and constructed to synthesis nanomaterials such as ZrO2 nanopowders. The system consist of many sections: Plasma Jet (syringe), high voltage (AC). power supply, regulator, magnetic stirrer and Argon gas. The preparation plan includes the effect of changing the an electrode (Anode) using Fe electrode piece and Ni electrode strip on the ZrO2 nanopowders. The bonds location for both prepared phases was determined by Fourier-transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. ZrO2 nanostructures were highly pure and reasonably homogeneous. The average particle size was determined from FE-SEM. The antibacterial activity of ZrO2 nanoparticles have been obtained. It was impeccable inhibition zone after that 24 h. incubation at 37 oC in the plate. The strains predisposed to ZrO2 nanoparticles show a large inhibition zone, for two types of bacteria (S.arueas and E.coli).

Structural and Optical Evolution of SnO₂ Thin Films with Precursor Concentration Variation via Thermochemical Decomposition

Qutoof Shihab Shukr — 2026-06-16

This paper presents a study on the synthesis of nanostructured tin dioxide (SnO₂) thin films via thermochemical decomposition of SnCl₂.2H₂O (0.01 M, 0.02 M, and 0.03 M). The systematic influence of precursor concentration on morphological and optical properties of the films was studied by a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. SEM and AFM studies confirmed that with the increase in concentration, there is a gradual increment in grain size and surface roughness. The grain size mean was changed by increasing the average grain size overall 29.81 nm to 51.84 nm and the mean surface roughness varied between 24.70 nm and 43.38 nm. Optical absorption measurements showed that it is strongly absorbed in the UV region with absorption coefficients greater than 10⁴ cm^-1. Analysis of Tauc plots indicates a direct allowed transition where the optical bandgap decreased systematically as quantum confinement descended and crystallinity increased (3.80 eV, 0.01 M to 3.68 eV, 0.03 M). There was further enhancement in refractive index at a higher concentration indicating enhanced film density and compactness in the structure. These findings demonstrate that the precursor concentration is a central factor in controlling the structure and optical properties of SnO₂ thin films and a scalable approach to material optimization in optoelectronic, sensing, and energy devices.

A Matlab-Based Graphical user Interface for Change Vector Analysis in Land Cover Change Detection using

Adnan Hashim — 2026-06-16

Earth's land surface is continuously reshaped by both natural processes and human activities. Accurately detecting these changes in the a timely manner is essential for understanding the complex interplay between human actions and natural phenomena supporting informed decisions in environmental management and resource planning. Change detection methods quantify these temporal variation by analyzing multi-temporal datasets from Earth observation Satellite which provide consistent image quality and regular revisit intervals. Change Vector Analysis (CVA) represent a robust approach for characterizing land cover dynamics, however there are n standardized software packages are available, it may require repetitive manual implementation of algorithms for each image pair, making the process inefficient. This study addresses this limitation by making an integrated learning platform through a Matlab-Based Graphic User Interface. The application utilizes fundamental Matlab function for threshold determination and CVA implementation. The primary advantage of this tool lies in its accessibility and user-friendly design, enabling extraction of critical information including optimal threshold values. BIS and NDVI change vectors directional change and transformation characteristics.

Biochemical Study of Some Parameters in Patients with Angina in Karbala City

Hajer Khalid Raheem Al-Kaabi — 2026-06-16

This biochemical study focuses on evaluating the temporal dynamics of four critical biomarkers—Visfatin, high-sensitivity Troponin (Troponin h.s), Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE), and Proteinase 3 (PR3)—in patients suffering from angina pectoris in Karbala City, Iraq. Angina, a key manifestation of coronary artery disease, presents in two main clinical forms: stable and unstable. These subtypes differ in pathophysiology, severity, and outcomes, thus demanding tailored diagnostic and prognostic approaches. The study aims to investigate how these biomarkers behave over time based on a series of blood samples collected at fixed intervals: baseline, 1 hours, 6 hours, and 12 hours. Data from 90 patients, equally distributed between stable and unstable angina and 30 male as control group. Findings reveal that Visfatin and PR3 show more aggressive and fluctuating patterns in younger patients with unstable angina, reflecting acute inflammatory and metabolic distress. Troponin h.s levels remained elevated in both age groups with unstable angina, indicating ongoing myocardial injury. Meanwhile, ACE levels demonstrated a sustained increase in older patients, especially those with unstable angina, suggesting chronic vascular stress. These insights underscore the importance of temporal biomarker monitoring over static assessments and highlight the potential for age-specific and phenotype-specific risk stratification. This study contributes valuable data toward personalized cardiovascular diagnostics and supports the integration of biochemical monitoring into routine clinical evaluation of angina patients.

Effect of Alumina Reinforcement on the Physical and Electrical Properties of Kaolin-Glass Ceramic Insulators

Hayder Aljweber — 2026-06-16

This work provides a comprehensive investigation into the influence of alumina (Al₂O₃) reinforcement on kaolin–glass ceramic composites, focusing on their physical and electrical properties. A series of samples with fixed kaolin–glass ratios (50:50) and varying alumina contents (0–20 wt%) were sintered at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. The results revealed that the addition of alumina significantly enhanced densification and dielectric behavior, with 15% alumina at 1000 °C producing the optimal performance. At these conditions, the dielectric constant reached 21.38 at 0.1 MHz, water absorption dropped to 1.97%, and bulk density increased to 2.1559 g/cm³. These enhancements were attributed to microstructural densification and interfacial polarization mechanisms. The findings demonstrate that kaolin–glass–alumina composites have strong potential for application as high-voltage insulators in demanding environments, particularly under humid conditions.

Nano-Fabrication Techniques for All-Optical Sequential Logic Circuits: A Review

Zahraa Alshannoon — 2026-06-16

To fabricate nanoscale sequential logic circuits, a series of processes to shape, define, and perfect the device geometry must be carefully orchestrated. The aim of this work is to clarify the basic fabrication processes for manufacturing sequences of logic circuits, underscoring actual methodologies in which one can form an exact nanoscale configuration. The process begins with thin-film deposition, including the formation of basic metal or dielectric layers using methods such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Once the material stack is prepared, circuit geometry is defined by high-resolution patterning techniques, such as e-beam lithography, UV lithography, or nanoimprint lithography. These patterns are then transferred to the deposited films with plasma etchings such as RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) or ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) to shape the optical or plasmonic features. In the final stage, state-of-the-art fabrication methods (being, among others, focused ion beam milling, two-photon polymerization, or 3D direct laser writing) are used to fine-tune particular regions or specific complex structures. These combined processes present an easily implemented, versatile fabrication strategy for complex geometries required in plasmonic and photonic sequential logic devices.

Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction Based on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Water Remediation from Bismarck Brown-Y: Isotherm Study

Salah Mahdi Saleh — 2026-06-16

This study utilized enhanced magnetic derivatives of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, specifically MWCNT-Tris@Fe₃O₄, MWCNT-H@Fe₃O₄, MWCNT-Tetra@Fe₃O₄, and MWCNT-G@Fe₃O₄, to extract and eliminate Bismarck Brown-Y (BB-Y) using the solid phase extraction technique. The solid phases were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESE), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), zeta potential measurement, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The optimal extraction conditions were attained with a sorbet weight of 0.01gm and an initial concentration of 600 mg/l of BB-y for every phase. The pH of MWCNT-Tris@Fe3O4 was 6, whereas it was 10 for the other phases. Additionally, the volume of dye utilized in this study was 25 ml. The optimal flow rate for the eluting solvent was determined to be 1.5 mL.min-1 also, this study tested different eluents and their volumes. DMSO was shown to be the most effective eluent, with 2.5 ml giving the highest percentage of recovery. The current study focused on determining adsorption capacity using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models under ideal conditions. The Langmuir model showed that the maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) were 1724.138, 1818.182, 1886.793, and 1960.784 mg/g for MWCNT-tris@Fe3O4, MWCNT-H@Fe₃O₄, MWCNT-Tetra@Fe₃O₄, and MWCNT-G@Fe₃O₄, respectively. The study's results indicate that the adsorption of BB-y employing magnetic derivatives of multi-walled carbon nanotubes as an adsorbent is chemisorption.

Monte Carlo Simulation in Extensive Air Showers for ultra- high energies

Kadhom Fadhel — 2026-06-16

In the present work, two simulation models AIRES Version 19.04.00 and CORSIKA5.62 code will be used to simulate the lateral distribution function (LDF) of the Cherenkov photon flux in the Extensive Air Showers (EAS). The simulation was performed using the high-energy hadronic interaction QGSJET98 model with the Haverah Park array. Two primary particles oxygen and proton with energies between 10¹⁵ and 10¹⁹ eV were simulated at various zenith angles like (0˚, 20˚, and 45˚). Depending on the Quick Fit function a parameterization of the density of the shower as a function of primary energy was reconstructed based on this simulation for primary proton and oxygen at several zenith angles. A comparison between the simulation Cherenkov photon flux LDF for primary proton and oxygen by Haverah Park, and a comparison of the calculated parameterization of the density of the shower measured on the Tunka EAS array. The light emitted in the shower propagated and attenuated to the ground, the exponential function is suitable to use for developing an EAS. Through four parameters as a function of primary energy in the knee and ankle portions of the cosmic ray spectrum, the EAS array offers the chance to identify the particle responsible for the shower and determine its energy. For primary oxygen and proton, the extrapolation of approximate Cherenkov photon flux LDF for high energies was found.